China has a rich fusion of ancient popular belief systems, Confucianism doctrines, and Taoism (all originating in China), and Buddhism, Islam, Judaism and Christianity from abroad.
Mixing of religion, or syncretism, is incredibly common in China and as such it is very hard to provide exact statistical breakdowns of numbers following each religion, although it is certainly true that Buddhism is the largest. What can be shown with certainty is the incredible spirituality of the country, coupled with the absence of official state religions throughout the country’s history.
As such it is not rare to find tributes to one of the many Taoist gods in Buddhist temples, or statues dedicated to Guanyin (the Chinese version of the Indian Buddhist deity Avalokitesvara) in Taoist temples (where she goes by the name Tianhou).
Start the day with a visit to the Jade Buddha Temple, the most well-known temple the city has to offer and which attracts crowds of visitors each day. The famous jade statue was one of 5 such examples brought back from Burma by a monk from Putuoshan (an island just offshore from Shanghai that boasts one of Chinese Buddhism’s sacred mountains).
Continue with a visit to the Cathedral of Saint Ignacio, built at the start of the 20th century in Xujiahui district. Considered to be the largest cathedral in the Far East and is a perfect example of the western influence on China during the 19th and 20th century (although to be more exact this influence extends back to the 16th century under the guise of the conversion efforts of the incredibly active missionary Matteo Ricci).
The church was used as a granary during the Cultural Revolution. It can also be seen in the opening scene of Steven Spielberg’s movie “Empire of the Sun”.
We will then visit the Confucius Temple, thought of as the father of “Chinese humanism”. “Master Kong”, to use his real name (Confucius is the Latinised version), was around during the 6th century BC (even before the birth of Buddhism in India and Plato’s theories in Ancient Greece). Over his life he developed a social and political philosophy that redefined and hierarchized human relations through a complex system of rituals that was widely enforced right until the 20th century. During this time Confucianism was the cement holding Chinese society together, and the influence of Confucius is again resurfacing in modern day China.
Our next visit will be to the City God Temple of Shanghai, and we hope to give you a basic and superficial introduction to one of the most complex religions in the world: Taoism.
A blend of ancient popular beliefs, Taoism is at once linked to animism and to Dao, or the “Universal Way” if you wish to give a basic definition, a precept developed by the sage Laozi. The universe is governed by the perpetual interaction between and mixing of Yin (representing moon, female and night) and Yang (representing sun, man and day), and these interactions should not be disturbed (the principal of “Wuwei” or “the action of non-action”).
Your day will finish by visiting the ancient Ohel Moishe synagogue, founded in 1927 by Russian Jews in the heart of the old Shanghai Ghetto. The Hongkou area in the North-East of the city was used a refuge by nearly 20,000 Jews from Eastern Europe fleeing Nazi barbarism. In the synagogue you will have the opportunity to visit the Museum dedicated to the Jewish refugees of Shanghai.
If there are any children on the trip, we invite them to take part in our activity of taking photographs of each of the symbols and buildings representing the 5 religions or philosophies that we have seen and visited during the day.
If there are any children on the trip, we invite them to take part in our activity of taking photographs of each of the symbols and buildings representing the 5 religions or philosophies that we have seen and visited during the day.